Prevalence of periodontal diseases and correlations with risk factors among a sample of Yemeni people: cross-sectional study

Abstract

Objective: In Yemen, several studies have investigated the prevalence of periodontal diseases; however, most were geographically restricted or assessed fewer clinical parameters and risk factors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases among the Yemeni population and their relationship to various risk factors. Material and Methods: A total of 405 Yemeni adults attending the polyclinics of Civilization, Mahweet, and Aden Universities, as well as private clinics, from March 2024 to August 2024, were included in this study. Data were collected using a questionnaire that covered sociodemographic information, oral hygiene practices, and harmful habits, along with a clinical examination. All data were subsequently entered for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of biofilm-induced gingivitis was 51.6%, while periodontitis was more prevalent, affecting 79.3% of the population. Both gingivitis and periodontitis were more common in males and in participants aged ≥35 years. Regular daily tooth brushing, especially twice daily, was significantly associated with lower rates of gingivitis and periodontitis (p < 0.001). In contrast, gingivitis and periodontitis were more frequent among khat chewers, particularly those who chewed daily for more than 20 years. Similarly, smokers, especially those who smoked for over 20 years, showed a significantly higher prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Periodontitis is more prevalent than biofilm-induced gingivitis among the Yemeni population. Both conditions are more common in males and in individuals aged ≥35 years. Lack of tooth brushing, long-term daily khat chewing, and long-term smoking (>20 years) were identified as the most strongly associated risk factors.

KEYWORDS

Khat; Periodontal diseases; Prevalence; Risk factors; Yemen.