Do electronic smoking devices impact the risk of dental caries? A systematic review

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the association between the use of electronic smoking devices (ESDs), such as electronic cigarettes, and the risk of developing dental caries. Material and Methods: This systematic review included observational studies identified in the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS/BVS. Cross-sectional and case-control studies that assessed the presence of caries in ESD users compared with non-smokers were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used for methodological quality assessment. Results: Eight studies published between 2018 and 2024 were included, involving populations from different geographic regions and age groups. Most studies demonstrated a higher prevalence of caries and/or higher DMFT indices among ESD users. In six studies, the differences were statistically significant. However, most studies presented methodological limitations, such as lack of data on duration and frequency of ESD use and heterogeneity in outcome measurement. Conclusion: The evidence suggests a possible association between the use of ESDs and an increased risk of dental caries. Despite methodological limitations, the findings highlight the need for greater attention from oral health professionals regarding the use of these devices.

KEYWORDS

Dental caries; Electronic cigarettes; Electronic smoking devices; Oral health; Systematic review.